Cedars-Sinai Researchers Create Blood Test to Detect Early Stage Liver Cancer

LOS ANGELES — A team of investigators at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center have created a blood test that uses a technology made commonly available during the COVID-19 pandemic to detect the most common form of liver cancer — at an early enough stage that cure is possible. 

Their work was published online in the peer-reviewed journal Hepatology.

“This important work could fill an unmet need for a more user-friendly, more accurate screening test that detects liver cancer early and saves lives,” said Dr. Ju Dong Yang, medical director of the Liver Cancer Program at Cedars-Sinai in a written statement.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common form of liver cancer and is usually undetectable until it reaches an advanced stage, when it is usually fatal.

It occurs mainly in people with scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis, or chronic hepatitis B infection. 

There are fewer than 200,000 cases per year in the U.S., but globally it is the third-leading cause of cancer death, and in some countries it is the most common cancer-related death.

Currently, the best available screening method for at-risk patients is ultrasound imaging of the liver. However, ultrasound testing can be expensive and time-consuming, putting it out of reach of many patients, and the tests often miss smaller, early stage tumors that could be curable.

“Most at-risk patients aren’t screened,” said Yang, corresponding author of the study. “They struggle to get insurance authorizations and contact the imaging center, and then show up to have the test done — and the test’s accuracy can be limited, particularly in patients with obesity or more advanced liver disease. This is where a screening blood test becomes increasingly valuable.”

The test pioneered by Yang and colleagues is a form of “liquid biopsy” that looks for evidence of cancer in blood specimens and uses polymerase chain reaction technology — the same technology used in some tests for COVID-19.

In this study, a phase 2 multi-center clinical trial, the team investigated a protein biomarker on the surface of extracellular vesicles, particles that cells use to communicate with each other and that circulate in the blood. The marker proved around 90% accurate in identifying patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 

The test could prove especially lifesaving in parts of the world where imaging resources are limited. To date, no other liquid biopsy test for liver cancer has been evaluated rigorously enough for use in clinical practice, Yang said.

Dan can be reached at [email protected] and @DanMcCue